{"id":489,"date":"2026-09-19T07:51:55","date_gmt":"2026-09-19T07:51:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/offgridsolarcalc.com\/blog\/12v-vs-24v-vs-48v-solar\/"},"modified":"2026-10-04T14:52:55","modified_gmt":"2026-10-04T14:52:55","slug":"12v-vs-24v-vs-48v-solar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/offgridsolarcalc.com\/blog\/12v-vs-24v-vs-48v-solar\/","title":{"rendered":"12V vs 24V vs 48V Solar: Which Battery Voltage Fits?"},"content":{"rendered":"<style id=\"post22-voltage-styles\">\n.post22-container{--text:#334155;--surface-alt:#f1f5f9;color:#334155;line-height:1.75;overflow-wrap:anywhere}\n.post22-container h2{font-size:1.7rem;line-height:1.3;margin:2rem 0 1rem;color:#0f172a}.post22-container h3{font-size:1.25rem;margin:1.4rem 0 .7rem}.post22-container p{margin:0 0 1.2rem}.post22-container li{margin-bottom:.6rem}.post22-container section{scroll-margin-top:90px}\n.post22-container .table-wrapper{overflow-x:auto;margin:1.5rem 0}.post22-container table{border-collapse:collapse;min-width:580px;width:100%;font-size:.95rem}.post22-container caption{text-align:left;font-weight:600;padding:.7rem}.post22-container th,.post22-container td{padding:.8rem;border:1px solid #cbd5e1;text-align:left}.post22-container thead th{background:#0f172a;color:white}.post22-container tbody th{background:#f1f5f9}\n.post22-container .formula-card{padding:1.3rem;background:#0f172a;color:white;border-radius:10px;margin:1.4rem 0}.post22-container .formula-card .title{color:#7dd3fc}.post22-container .callout-box{padding:1.2rem;border-left:4px solid #d97706;background:#fffbeb;margin:1.5rem 0}\n.post22-container .post-figure{margin:1.5rem 0;text-align:center}.post22-container .post-figure img{max-width:100%;height:auto;border-radius:8px}.post22-container figcaption{font-size:.85rem;color:#475569;margin-top:.5rem}.post22-container .calc-widget{padding:1.4rem;border:2px solid #0284c7;border-radius:12px}.post22-container .calc-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(180px,1fr));gap:1rem;margin-bottom:1rem}.post22-container label{display:block;font-weight:600}.post22-container input{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:.65rem;font:inherit}.post22-container .faq-card{border-bottom:1px solid #cbd5e1;padding:.7rem 0}.post22-container .toc-box{background:#f1f5f9;padding:1.2rem}.post22-container .toc-list{columns:2}.post22-container :focus-visible{outline:3px solid #0284c7;outline-offset:3px}@media(max-width:640px){.post22-container .toc-list{columns:1}.post22-container h2{font-size:1.4rem}}\n.post22-container .p22-advanced{margin-top:2rem}\n.post22-container .p22-advanced details{margin-top:1rem;border:1px solid #cbd5e1;border-radius:8px;padding:1rem}\n.post22-container .p22-advanced summary{cursor:pointer;font-weight:700;margin-bottom:.75rem}\n.post22-container .p22-advanced .calc-grid{grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(200px,1fr))}\n.post22-container .p22-advanced .calc-field{min-width:0}\n.post22-container .p22-advanced input{box-sizing:border-box;max-width:100%}\n.post22-container .p22-advanced #p22a-status{padding:.8rem;background:#f1f5f9;border-left:3px solid #0284c7}\n@media(max-width:420px){.post22-container .p22-advanced .calc-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}.post22-container .calc-widget{padding:1rem}}\n.post22-container table.voltage-table thead th{background:#0f172a;color:#ffffff}\n.post22-container table.voltage-table tbody th{background:#f1f5f9;color:#334155}\n.post22-container table.voltage-table tbody th a{color:#075985;text-decoration:underline}\n<\/style>\n<article class=\"post22-container\">\n<p class=\"featured-image-credit\">Featured image: Laboratory power equipment illustrating battery-system components; this photograph is not a wiring diagram. Photo by Mustafa Engin on Wikimedia Commons (<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC BY 4.0<\/a>).<\/p>\n<nav class=\"toc-box ogc-toc-container\" aria-label=\"Table of contents\">\n<div class=\"toc-title\">In this guide<\/div>\n<ul class=\"toc-list\">\n<li><a href=\"#the-core-physics\">1. 12V vs 24V vs 48V Solar: Quick Comparison<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#12v-solar-systems\">2. When a 12V Solar System Makes Sense<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#24v-solar-systems\">3. When a 24V Solar System Is a Good Fit<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#48v-solar-systems\">4. When a 48V Solar System Is Worth Choosing<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#wire-sizing-cost-comparison\">5. Cable Size, Voltage Drop and Resistive Losses<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#mppt-economics\">6. MPPT Charge Controller Sizing and Panel Voltage<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#battery-architectures\">7. Battery Capacity: Series, Parallel and Usable kWh<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#inverter-voltage-sag\">8. Inverter Surge Power and Battery Voltage Sag<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#fuse-aic-ratings\">9. Fuse Ratings and Battery Fault Protection<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#grounding-and-bonding\">10. Grounding, Bonding and AC Compatibility<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#voltage-ranges-and-charging\">11. LiFePO4 Charging Voltage and BMS Settings<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#bill-of-materials-comparison\">12. Compare Complete System Costs<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#interactive-calculator\">Battery Current Calculator: Compare All Three Voltages<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#selection-framework\">13. How to Choose Your Off-Grid Battery Voltage<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#real-world-case-studies\">14. Three Illustrative Design Scenarios<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#faq\">15. Frequently Asked Questions<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#conclusion\">16. Choose Voltage Around Your Loads and Equipment<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/nav>\n<p class=\"lead-text\">The 12V, 24V, and 48V labels refer to nominal battery-bank and inverter DC voltage. Choose a system around the loads, compatible equipment, current, cable layout, and manufacturer limits. Higher voltage reduces current for the same power; lower voltage can make a small system with native 12V appliances simpler. This guide compares the tradeoffs, shows the calculations and explains which equipment limits to check before buying.<\/p>\n<section id=\"the-core-physics\">\n<h2>1. 12V vs 24V vs 48V Solar: Quick Comparison<\/h2>\n<p>These voltage labels describe the <strong>battery bank and inverter DC input<\/strong>. They do not describe the solar panel string voltage or the inverter\u2019s AC output. A 48V battery system does not automatically provide 240V AC: the inverter must support the required output voltage, frequency and phase arrangement.<\/p>\n<div class=\"table-wrapper\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Battery voltage comparison for an off-grid solar system\" tabindex=\"0\">\n<table class=\"voltage-table\">\n<caption>Battery voltage comparison for an off-grid solar system<\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">Planning factor<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">12V system<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">24V system<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">48V system<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">Typical fit<\/th>\n<td>Small campers, native 12V appliances and modest AC loads<\/td>\n<td>Cabins, sheds and medium inverter loads<\/td>\n<td>Larger inverter loads and expandable home storage<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">Battery current at 2,400W AC, 92% efficiency<\/th>\n<td>217.4A at 12.0V<\/td>\n<td>108.7A at 24.0V<\/td>\n<td>54.3A at 48.0V<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">Common LiFePO4 nominal voltage<\/th>\n<td>12.8V (4 cells in series)<\/td>\n<td>25.6V (8 cells in series)<\/td>\n<td>51.2V (16 cells in series)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">100Ah battery nominal energy<\/th>\n<td>1.28kWh at 12.8V<\/td>\n<td>2.56kWh at 25.6V<\/td>\n<td>5.12kWh at 51.2V<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">Powering 12V accessories<\/th>\n<td>Check appliance input range<\/td>\n<td>Usually needs a DC-DC converter<\/td>\n<td>Usually needs a DC-DC converter<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>For any comparison, check the actual inverter DC input range and continuous and surge ratings, the battery and BMS current limits, and the required charging equipment. Manufacturer guidance may use VA rather than watts. There is no universal AC-watt threshold for choosing among nominal battery voltages.<\/p>\n<div class=\"formula-card\">\n<div class=\"title\">Battery-side current estimate<\/div>\n<div class=\"math\">Current (A) = AC load (W) \u00f7 [battery voltage (V) \u00d7 inverter efficiency]<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>For example, 2,400 \u00f7 (24 \u00d7 0.92) = 108.7A. At an actual battery voltage of 22V, the same estimate rises to 118.6A. Use the equipment\u2019s operating range when checking maximum current; 92% is an example assumption, not a guaranteed efficiency at every load.<\/p>\n<h3>Read these four units before comparing equipment<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Watts (W)<\/strong> measure power at one moment. <strong>Watt-hours (Wh)<\/strong> measure energy used over time. <strong>Amps (A)<\/strong> measure current in a wire. <strong>Volts (V)<\/strong> describe the electrical potential difference. A 1,000W kettle used for six minutes needs about 100Wh. It still needs an inverter that can supply its full 1,000W while it runs.<\/p>\n<p>Amp-hours only describe stored charge. Pair them with voltage to compare energy. Also keep <strong>watts and volt-amps (VA)<\/strong> separate: a motor can place a larger VA demand on an inverter than its real-power watts suggest. Check both ratings when the inverter manual lists them.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Quick answer:<\/strong> Start with the exact loads and equipment you need to support. Compare 12V, 24V and 48V only where compatible batteries, inverters and charging equipment are available; then check voltage range, continuous and surge ratings, battery and BMS current limits, conversion losses, and installation constraints. A higher nominal voltage can reduce current for the same power under comparable conditions, but it does not by itself establish equipment or system suitability.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"12v-solar-systems\">\n<h2>2. When a 12V Solar System Makes Sense<\/h2>\n<figure class=\"post-figure\" id=\"fig-12v-mobile\">\n      <img src=\"\/images\/12v-mobile-camper-solar-battery-system.webp\"\n           data-filename=\"12v-mobile-camper-solar-battery-system.webp\"\n           alt=\"Battery bank mounted in a vehicle equipment compartment\"\n           aria-describedby=\"desc-fig-12v-mobile\"\n           width=\"720\" height=\"431\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" \/><figcaption id=\"desc-fig-12v-mobile\">Battery bank mounted in a vehicle equipment compartment. Illustrative photograph; equipment ratings must be checked separately. Photo by ArtofCulturalEvolution on Wikimedia Commons (<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>A 12V battery bank is a practical option when lights, a fridge, fans and a water pump already use compatible 12V DC power. Keeping those loads on DC can avoid inverter standby consumption. Check each appliance\u2019s allowed input range because a battery\u2019s charging voltage is higher than its nominal label.<\/p>\n<p>Consider a camper with a 600W AC load. At 12V and 92% inverter efficiency, the inverter draws about 54.3A before other DC loads are added. At 2,000W, that estimate becomes 181.2A. This explains why a system that works well for laptops may need substantial changes for an induction cooker.<\/p>\n<p>Check the whole path that carries current. That means the battery, its battery management system (BMS), cables, terminals, busbars and fuses. A high amp-hour rating does not prove that a battery can power a large inverter.<\/p>\n<p>To charge from a vehicle, match the charger to the battery and alternator. Check how much current the alternator can spare. Do not assume a lithium house battery can connect straight to it.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"24v-solar-systems\">\n<h2>3. When a 24V Solar System Is a Good Fit<\/h2>\n<figure class=\"post-figure\" id=\"fig-24v-cabin\">\n      <img src=\"\/images\/24v-off-grid-cabin-solar-battery-bank.webp\"\n           data-filename=\"24v-off-grid-cabin-solar-battery-bank.webp\"\n           alt=\"An off-grid cabin solar installation\"\n           aria-describedby=\"desc-fig-24v-cabin\"\n           width=\"560\" height=\"420\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" \/><figcaption id=\"desc-fig-24v-cabin\">An off-grid cabin solar installation. Illustrative photograph; equipment ratings must be checked separately. Photo by Fed Ball, U.S. Department of Energy (Public domain).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>A 24V off-grid system is worth comparing for a cabin or workshop with medium AC loads. At equal power and efficiency, doubling battery voltage halves the calculated current. That can ease cable routing and reduce voltage drop without committing to a larger battery system.<\/p>\n<p>A 2,000W AC load draws about 90.6A at 24V and 92% efficiency. The battery must also support simultaneous DC loads and inverter startup demand. A refrigerator or saw motor can require considerably more power during starting than while running.<\/p>\n<p>Compare a native 24V battery with a series bank of manufacturer-approved 12V batteries. Include any required monitoring, interconnects and a 24V-to-12V converter in the budget. One correctly sized converter can supply several fused 12V branches; a separate converter is not necessarily required for every appliance.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"48v-solar-systems\">\n<h2>4. When a 48V Solar System Is Worth Choosing<\/h2>\n<figure class=\"post-figure\" id=\"fig-48v-server-rack\">\n      <img src=\"\/images\/48v-server-rack-lithium-battery-storage.webp\"\n           data-filename=\"48v-server-rack-lithium-battery-storage.webp\"\n           alt=\"Residential battery storage equipment\"\n           aria-describedby=\"desc-fig-48v-server-rack\"\n           width=\"720\" height=\"720\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" \/><figcaption id=\"desc-fig-48v-server-rack\">Residential battery storage equipment. Illustrative photograph; equipment ratings must be checked separately. Photo by Batterlution on Wikimedia Commons (<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a>).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>A 48V battery bank becomes attractive as inverter power increases. For a 5,000W AC load at 48V and 92% efficiency, the estimate is 113.2A, compared with 452.9A at 12V. Lower current can make a high-power design easier to build, although every component still needs to be sized for the actual installation.<\/p>\n<p>Many residential storage products use 51.2V LiFePO4 modules sold as \u201c48V\u201d batteries. Match the battery\u2019s operating and charging ranges to the inverter. A rack enclosure, CAN port or RS485 connector alone does not guarantee compatible battery communications.<\/p>\n<p>Check the inverter\u2019s continuous watts, surge duration, idle consumption and AC output arrangement. A small cabin can waste a meaningful share of its daily energy keeping an oversized inverter awake. Higher voltage does not automatically mean lower total energy use.<\/p>\n<div class=\"callout-box warning\"><strong>Battery safety:<\/strong> A nominal 48V bank can operate above 50V, and all three voltage classes can deliver dangerous fault currents. Protect terminals, isolate equipment according to its instructions, and have the final installation checked by a qualified installer. This comparison is a planning guide, not a wiring specification.<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"wire-sizing-cost-comparison\">\n<h2>5. Cable Size, Voltage Drop and Resistive Losses<\/h2>\n<figure class=\"post-figure\" id=\"fig-copper-terminals\">\n      <img src=\"\/images\/battery-conductor-wire-gauge-copper-terminals.webp\"\n           data-filename=\"battery-conductor-wire-gauge-copper-terminals.webp\"\n           alt=\"Copper terminal used for an electrical connection\"\n           aria-describedby=\"desc-fig-copper-terminals\"\n           width=\"640\" height=\"480\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" \/><figcaption id=\"desc-fig-copper-terminals\">Copper terminal used for an electrical connection. Illustrative photograph; equipment ratings must be checked separately. Photo by Dmitry G on Wikimedia Commons (Public domain).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Current flowing through cable resistance causes voltage drop and heat. The basic relationships are <strong>voltage drop = current \u00d7 resistance<\/strong> and <strong>power loss = current\u00b2 \u00d7 resistance<\/strong>. Include the positive and negative conductors when calculating total circuit length.<\/p>\n<div class=\"table-wrapper\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Worked cable-loss example: equal 0.005-ohm loop resistance and 2,400W DC power at nominal voltage\" tabindex=\"0\">\n<table class=\"voltage-table\">\n<caption>Worked cable-loss example: equal 0.005-ohm loop resistance and 2,400W DC power at nominal voltage<\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">Quantity<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">12V<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">24V<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">48V<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">Ideal current, before inverter losses<\/th>\n<td>200A<\/td>\n<td>100A<\/td>\n<td>50A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">Voltage drop<\/th>\n<td>1.00V<\/td>\n<td>0.50V<\/td>\n<td>0.25V<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">Resistive cable loss<\/th>\n<td>200W<\/td>\n<td>50W<\/td>\n<td>12.5W<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>In this simplified comparison, the 48V cable loss is 93.75% lower than at 12V. This is not a claim of 93.75% better system efficiency. It assumes identical cable resistance; changing cable size changes the result. A constant-power inverter also draws more current as its input voltage falls.<\/p>\n<p>Wire size depends on more than voltage drop. Check how much current the wire can carry, its length and type, and the heat around it. The terminals and cable route matter too. Two wires in parallel do not always give twice the usable current rating. Follow the rules for that cable layout.<\/p>\n<p>See the manufacturer\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.victronenergy.com\/media\/pg\/The_Wiring_Unlimited_book\/en\/dc-wiring.html\" rel=\"noopener\">DC wiring guidance<\/a> for equipment-specific cable selection considerations. Apply the electrical code adopted for your location rather than assuming one edition governs every installation.<\/p>\n<h3>Worked wire example: 2,400W on a 24V battery bank<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Ampacity<\/strong> means the current a wire can carry under stated heat and installation conditions. It is a separate check from voltage drop. Here is a worked screening example, not a final cable schedule.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Set the inputs:<\/strong> use 2,400W AC, 92% efficiency and an assumed lowest operating voltage of 22V. The cable run is 10 feet each way, so the loop is 20 feet.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Estimate current:<\/strong> 2,400 \u00f7 (22 \u00d7 0.92) = <strong>118.6A<\/strong>. For a real inverter, use its rated maximum input current if the manual supplies it.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Apply the stated design factor:<\/strong> for this example, assume the applicable circuit rule calls for 125%. Then 118.6 \u00d7 1.25 = <strong>148.2A<\/strong>. That factor is not a universal rule for every battery circuit.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Screen the cable:<\/strong> a 1\/0 AWG copper conductor has a 150A base value in the cited 75\u00b0C table. A 2\/0 conductor has a 175A base value. The first has little margin if any correction is needed.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Check drop:<\/strong> using the illustrative 75\u00b0C copper constant K = 12.9 ohm-circular-mils per foot, drop = 2 \u00d7 K \u00d7 one-way feet \u00d7 amps \u00f7 circular-mil area.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<div class=\"table-wrapper\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"24V wire example: unadjusted thermal and voltage-drop screens\" tabindex=\"0\">\n<table class=\"voltage-table\">\n<caption>24V wire example: unadjusted thermal and voltage-drop screens<\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">Candidate<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">75\u00b0C base ampacity<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Area, circular mils<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Drop at 118.6A<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Share of 22V<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">1\/0 AWG copper<\/th>\n<td>150A<\/td>\n<td>105,600<\/td>\n<td>0.290V<\/td>\n<td>1.32%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">2\/0 AWG copper<\/th>\n<td>175A<\/td>\n<td>133,100<\/td>\n<td>0.230V<\/td>\n<td>1.04%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.southwire.com\/wire-cable\/building-wire\/simpull-sup-sup-thhn-thwn-2-copper\/p\/SPEC10000\" rel=\"noopener\">Southwire copper conductor table<\/a> lists those base ampacities. The table assumes defined installation conditions; it is not a recommendation to use that product in every battery enclosure. Check cable listing, strand type and terminal compatibility.<\/p>\n<p>Next, apply heat and grouping corrections, check the terminal temperature rating, and coordinate the fuse. A 90\u00b0C insulation label does not automatically allow use of the 90\u00b0C ampacity at a 75\u00b0C terminal. The 2\/0 candidate provides more base margin here, but neither candidate is approved until those checks pass.<\/p>\n<p>Doubling the one-way run doubles the calculated drop with the same cable. A loose lug adds resistance too. For example, a 0.001-ohm connection carrying 120A dissipates 14.4W at that small joint. Use the specified lug and torque; do not try to solve a poor connection by fitting a larger fuse.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Installation handoff:<\/strong> record maximum input current, minimum input voltage, cable route, conductor type, temperature corrections, terminal rating and the chosen protective device. Give that list to the installer so the final design can be checked.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"mppt-economics\">\n<h2>6. MPPT Charge Controller Sizing and Panel Voltage<\/h2>\n<figure class=\"post-figure\" id=\"fig-mppt-display\">\n      <img src=\"\/images\/mppt-solar-charge-controller-voltage-current.webp\"\n           data-filename=\"mppt-solar-charge-controller-voltage-current.webp\"\n           alt=\"Solar charge controller display\"\n           aria-describedby=\"desc-fig-mppt-display\"\n           width=\"640\" height=\"853\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" \/><figcaption id=\"desc-fig-mppt-display\">Solar charge controller display. Illustrative photograph; equipment ratings must be checked separately. Photo by Ranjithkumar Murugesan on Wikimedia Commons (<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC0 1.0 Universal \/ Public Domain<\/a>).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>An MPPT solar charge controller has two sides. The PV side receives power from the panels. The battery side sends charge to the bank. Each has its own current and voltage limits.<\/p>\n<p>As an illustrative output calculation, a controller supplying 60A at 14.4V delivers 864W to the battery. At 28.8V it delivers 1,728W, and at 57.6V it delivers 3,456W. These are multiplication examples, not permission to connect those array sizes to any 60A controller. The controller must support the selected battery voltage and the manufacturer\u2019s PV limits.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Check the array\u2019s cold-weather open-circuit voltage against the controller\u2019s maximum PV input voltage.<\/li>\n<li>Check the allowed PV short-circuit current, operating current and array wattage separately.<\/li>\n<li>Confirm sufficient PV operating voltage for startup and charging in hot conditions.<\/li>\n<li>Check allowable overpaneling and clipping behavior in the exact model\u2019s manual.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Panel strings commonly operate at a higher voltage than the battery. Rewiring panels in series changes string voltage; it does not change the battery\u2019s nominal voltage. For the layout calculation, see our <a href=\"https:\/\/offgridsolarcalc.com\/blog\/wiring-solar-panels-in-series-vs-parallel\/\">solar panel series-versus-parallel guide<\/a>.<\/p>\n<h3>A real controller example: SmartSolar MPPT 150\/60<\/h3>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.victronenergy.com\/media\/pg\/Manual_SmartSolar_MPPT_150-60_up_to_250-70\/en\/technical-specifications.html\" rel=\"noopener\">Victron 150\/60 specification table<\/a> lists 60A maximum battery current and nominal PV power of 860W at 12V, 1,720W at 24V and 3,440W at 48V. It also lists a 50A PV short-circuit limit, 150V absolute cold-weather maximum and 145V startup\/operating maximum. These limits apply to this model, not every 60A controller.<\/p>\n<h3>Cold-weather string calculation<\/h3>\n<p>Assume a panel has 40V open-circuit voltage at 25\u00b0C and a voltage temperature coefficient of \u22120.28% per \u00b0C. At a design minimum of \u221210\u00b0C, the temperature change is 35\u00b0C. Estimated cold voltage per panel is <strong>40 \u00d7 [1 + (0.0028 \u00d7 35)] = 43.92V<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Three panels in series give 131.76V; four give 175.68V. The four-panel string exceeds this controller\u2019s limit. The three-panel result still needs checks for the panel\u2019s stated tolerances and the required local design method. Do not use a fixed winter percentage in place of the panel coefficient and site temperature.<\/p>\n<p>Series adds voltage. Parallel strings add current. If each string has 10A short-circuit current, three strings give 30A before applicable corrections. Also check hot-weather operating voltage, connector current, cable protection and battery charge-current limits. A controller that clips excess power does not waive its voltage or short-circuit-current limits.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"battery-architectures\">\n<h2>7. Battery Capacity: Series, Parallel and Usable kWh<\/h2>\n<figure class=\"post-figure\" id=\"fig-lifepo4-series-cells\">\n      <img src=\"\/images\/lifepo4-prismatic-cells-series-busbars-balancing.webp\"\n           data-filename=\"lifepo4-prismatic-cells-series-busbars-balancing.webp\"\n           alt=\"Battery cells connected with interconnects\"\n           aria-describedby=\"desc-fig-lifepo4-series-cells\"\n           width=\"560\" height=\"420\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" \/><figcaption id=\"desc-fig-lifepo4-series-cells\">Battery cells connected with interconnects. Illustrative photograph; equipment ratings must be checked separately. Photo by Yo-Co-Man on Wikimedia Commons (<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a>).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Compare battery capacity in watt-hours rather than amp-hours alone: <strong>nominal energy (Wh) = nominal voltage \u00d7 amp-hours<\/strong>. A 51.2V 100Ah pack contains 5,120Wh nominally, while a 12.8V 100Ah pack contains 1,280Wh.<\/p>\n<p>Four matching 12.8V 100Ah batteries contain 5.12kWh in total whether arranged as an approved 51.2V 100Ah series bank or a 12.8V 400Ah parallel bank. Rewiring does not create additional stored energy. Usable AC energy is lower after the permitted depth of discharge, inverter losses and other consumption.<\/p>\n<p>Suppose you need 2kWh of AC energy for one day without charging. Assume you can use 80% of the battery and the inverter is 92% efficient. You need 2 \u00f7 (0.80 \u00d7 0.92) = <strong>2.72kWh<\/strong> of nominal storage. Add reserve and any DC loads. Daily energy helps size the battery and panels. It does not set a fixed system voltage.<\/p>\n<p>Series and parallel permissions are model-specific. There is no universal four-battery parallel limit. For example, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.victronenergy.com\/media\/pg\/Lithium_Battery_Smart\/en\/system-design-and-bms-selection-guide.html\" rel=\"noopener\">Victron\u2019s Lithium Smart design guide<\/a> describes configurations with more than four parallel batteries for that product family. Follow your own battery manual, including matching, balancing and protection requirements.<\/p>\n<p>Our <a href=\"https:\/\/offgridsolarcalc.com\/blog\/solar-battery-bank-wiring\/\">battery bank wiring guide<\/a> explains the layout concepts. Do not connect lithium batteries in series unless their manufacturer explicitly allows it.<\/p>\n<h3>Compare equal energy, then compare equal power<\/h3>\n<div class=\"table-wrapper\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"One 5.12kWh nominal bank made from four approved 12.8V 100Ah batteries\" tabindex=\"0\">\n<table class=\"voltage-table\">\n<caption>One 5.12kWh nominal bank made from four approved 12.8V 100Ah batteries<\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">Layout<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Bank rating<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Nominal energy<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">What changes<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">Four in parallel (4P)<\/th>\n<td>12.8V, 400Ah<\/td>\n<td>5.12kWh<\/td>\n<td>Higher shared bus current<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">Two series pairs in parallel (2S2P)<\/th>\n<td>25.6V, 200Ah<\/td>\n<td>5.12kWh<\/td>\n<td>Series approval and balanced parallel paths needed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">Four in series (4S)<\/th>\n<td>51.2V, 100Ah<\/td>\n<td>5.12kWh<\/td>\n<td>Every battery must permit four in series<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>If each battery permits 100A discharge, a series string still has a 100A limit; series wiring does not add current ratings. Parallel strings can share load, but uneven cable paths or one BMS opening can overload the remaining string. Use the maker\u2019s approved layout rather than assuming perfect current sharing.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Useful energy example:<\/strong> a 5.12kWh bank at 80% usable depth and 92% inverter efficiency supplies about <strong>3.77kWh AC<\/strong>. A steady 500W load would run for about 7.5 hours under those assumptions. Cold, ageing, standby power and other loads can shorten this estimate.<\/p>\n<p>For expansion, ask whether new and older packs may be mixed, how many parallel units are allowed, and whether communication requires a master battery. Match charge settings and state of charge before connecting packs as directed by the manufacturer. Never mix chemistries just because the voltage labels match.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"inverter-voltage-sag\">\n<h2>8. Inverter Surge Power and Battery Voltage Sag<\/h2>\n<figure class=\"post-figure\" id=\"fig-inverter-specifications\">\n      <img src=\"\/images\/solar-inverter-battery-voltage-specifications.webp\"\n           data-filename=\"solar-inverter-battery-voltage-specifications.webp\"\n           alt=\"Inverter label showing electrical specifications\"\n           aria-describedby=\"desc-fig-inverter-specifications\"\n           width=\"360\" height=\"739\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" \/><figcaption id=\"desc-fig-inverter-specifications\">Inverter label showing electrical specifications. Illustrative photograph; equipment ratings must be checked separately. Photo by Asurnipal on Wikimedia Commons (<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a>).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Motor startup is a separate design check from continuous power. Read the motor or appliance starting requirements and the inverter\u2019s surge rating with its allowed duration. A marketing \u201cpeak watts\u201d figure without a duration is not enough to confirm that a pump will start.<\/p>\n<p>For a hypothetical 4,500W AC surge and 92% efficiency, current is approximately 407.6A at 12V, 203.8A at 24V or 101.9A at 48V. These are estimates at fixed voltages. Battery resistance, BMS limits and cable drop affect the actual transient behavior.<\/p>\n<p>Higher voltage reduces the current needed for a given power, but cannot guarantee that a motor starts. A larger series bank may also have different internal resistance and energy capacity. Compare compatible batteries at the capacity and discharge rating you actually intend to buy.<\/p>\n<h3>Worked motor-starting check<\/h3>\n<p>Suppose a tool draws 1,200W while running. Its documented starting demand is 4,500W for two seconds, and other loads use 300W. The inverter must supply <strong>1,500W continuously and 4,800W during the start<\/strong>. A 6,000W peak rating that lasts only 20 milliseconds would not establish that it can do this.<\/p>\n<p>At 22V and an assumed 90% surge efficiency, battery current for the start is <strong>4,800 \u00f7 (22 \u00d7 0.90) = 242.4A<\/strong>. At 44V it is 121.2A. Check the battery\u2019s pulse rating for at least the required duration, not only its continuous rating. Motor power factor and inverter VA limits must also fit.<\/p>\n<h3>Why a simple surge estimate can still miss a shutdown<\/h3>\n<p>For a simplified constant-power model, let a 24V source have 0.010 ohm total resistance in the battery, cables and connections. It must supply 5,333W DC to support that 4,800W AC start at 90% efficiency. The circuit must satisfy <strong>P = I \u00d7 (24 \u2212 I \u00d7 0.010)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>The lower-current solution is about <strong>247.8A<\/strong>. The inverter sees about <strong>21.52V<\/strong>, not 24V. If its configured cutoff is 22V, this example predicts a low-voltage problem. A simple 5,333 \u00f7 24 calculation gives only 222.2A and misses part of the sag.<\/p>\n<p>This is a steady electrical model of an assumed start. It is not a motor test or a battery pulse simulation. Actual behavior also depends on BMS timing, the inverter\u2019s control, battery state of charge and motor acceleration. It shows why a larger inverter alone may not fix a startup fault.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Verify the load\u2019s starting VA or watts and duration.<\/li>\n<li>Check inverter overload capacity at that duration.<\/li>\n<li>Check battery and BMS pulse limits, including low state of charge.<\/li>\n<li>Check loaded voltage, cable drop and the fuse\u2019s time-current curve.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"fuse-aic-ratings\">\n<h2>9. Fuse Ratings and Battery Fault Protection<\/h2>\n<figure class=\"post-figure\" id=\"fig-battery-terminal-fuse\">\n      <img src=\"\/images\/battery-terminal-mount-high-aic-fuse.webp\"\n           data-filename=\"battery-terminal-mount-high-aic-fuse.webp\"\n           alt=\"Battery terminal fuse and connection hardware\"\n           aria-describedby=\"desc-fig-battery-terminal-fuse\"\n           width=\"720\" height=\"540\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" \/><figcaption id=\"desc-fig-battery-terminal-fuse\">Battery terminal fuse and connection hardware. Illustrative photograph; equipment ratings must be checked separately. Photo by VVVN on Wikimedia Commons (<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC BY 3.0<\/a>).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>A battery fuse has several ratings. Check its current rating, DC voltage limit and speed of response. Also check its interrupt rating: the largest fault current it can safely stop under stated conditions. This is not the same as the normal current printed on the fuse.<\/p>\n<p>Class T and MRBF describe different fuse designs, not universal suitability for a battery voltage. Check the exact part and holder against the battery\u2019s prospective short-circuit current and maximum charging voltage. A device rated for 58V DC should not be assumed suitable for a bank that can reach 58.4V.<\/p>\n<p>Place the fuse where the equipment manual and local rules require it. Match its rating to the wire and load. A BMS does not remove the need for external fuses or breakers where required. See <a href=\"https:\/\/www.victronenergy.com\/media\/pg\/The_Wiring_Unlimited_book\/en\/dc-wiring.html\" rel=\"noopener\">the DC wiring reference<\/a> for fuse selection topics. Confirm each rating in the chosen fuse\u2019s datasheet.<\/p>\n<h3>Read the exact fuse ratings<\/h3>\n<div class=\"table-wrapper\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Manufacturer fuse examples: checked September 19, 2026\" tabindex=\"0\">\n<table class=\"voltage-table\">\n<caption>Manufacturer fuse examples: checked September 19, 2026<\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">Exact product<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Current rating<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Maximum DC voltage<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Published DC interrupt rating<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bluesea.com\/products\/5190\/MRBF_Terminal_Fuse_-_300A\" rel=\"noopener\">Blue Sea 5190 MRBF<\/a><\/th>\n<td>300A<\/td>\n<td>58V<\/td>\n<td>10,000A at 14V; 5,000A at 32V; 2,000A at 58V<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bluesea.com\/products\/5118\/Class_T_Fuse_-_250_Amp\" rel=\"noopener\">Blue Sea 5118 Class T<\/a><\/th>\n<td>250A<\/td>\n<td>125V<\/td>\n<td>20,000A at 125V<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>These are examples for reading a datasheet, not interchangeable fuse choices. Check the current page, the supplied device label and its holder. A higher interrupt rating does not make an oversized fuse suitable for a smaller cable.<\/p>\n<h3>Two separate reasons a fuse can fail the selection check<\/h3>\n<p>Assume a battery manufacturer provides 8,000A prospective fault current at the fuse location. The 5190\u2019s published 2,000A rating at 58V does not cover that fault. Separately, if maximum charging voltage is 58.4V, its 58V maximum is also too low. Passing one check would not fix the other.<\/p>\n<p>The cited Class T example has a higher voltage and interrupt rating. But its 250A current rating still needs to match the actual cable and load. It is not a suitable conclusion to attach that fuse to the 175A base-ampacity wire example above.<\/p>\n<p>Check five items together: maximum DC voltage, prospective fault current, conductor protection, normal operating current and the time-current curve. The last shows how long a fuse takes to open at a given overload. It helps test whether a motor start can pass without losing cable protection. Use manufacturer fault-current data or a qualified assessment; do not test fault current by shorting a battery.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"grounding-and-bonding\">\n<h2>10. Grounding, Bonding and AC Compatibility<\/h2>\n<figure class=\"post-figure\" id=\"fig-grounding-busbar\">\n      <img src=\"\/images\/copper-grounding-busbar-power-center.webp\"\n           data-filename=\"copper-grounding-busbar-power-center.webp\"\n           alt=\"Copper busbar with several connection points\"\n           aria-describedby=\"desc-fig-grounding-busbar\"\n           width=\"480\" height=\"360\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" \/><figcaption id=\"desc-fig-grounding-busbar\">Copper busbar with several connection points. Illustrative photograph; equipment ratings must be checked separately. Photo by Emilian Robert Vicol on Wikimedia Commons (<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC BY 2.0<\/a>).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Do not assume that battery negative should always be bonded to earth, or that it should always float. The correct arrangement depends on inverter design, mobile or stationary use, and local requirements. AC neutral-to-earth bonding and protective-earth connections also need their own checks.<\/p>\n<p>A move from 12V to 48V does not remove the need for grounding. Use the inverter maker\u2019s wiring diagram. Have a qualified person handle panel work, transfer switches and work that needs a permit.<\/p>\n<h3>Three connections with different jobs<\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Protective earth (equipment ground):<\/strong> connects exposed metal cases to the protective system. It should not carry normal load current.<\/li>\n<li><strong>AC neutral-to-earth bond:<\/strong> establishes the required source reference in a bonded AC system. Its location can change with the source and transfer arrangement.<\/li>\n<li><strong>DC negative bond:<\/strong> connects battery negative to the grounding system only where the equipment design and local rules require or permit it.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Some inverter\/chargers use a relay to change their neutral bond when switching between inverter power and shore or generator power. Adding a permanent extra link can create unwanted current paths. Check every operating mode in the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.victronenergy.com\/media\/pg\/The_Wiring_Unlimited_book\/en\/ground,-earth-and-electrical-safety.html\" rel=\"noopener\">manufacturer\u2019s grounding guidance<\/a>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"callout-box\"><strong>Conceptual fault path in a bonded AC system<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Live conductor touches metal case \u2192 protective-earth conductor \u2192 designated source bond \u2192 source winding. This low-impedance path allows the protective device to respond. This is a concept sketch, not a connection diagram for your inverter.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>A ground rod alone does not replace the protective wire. An RCD or GFCI detects certain current leaks and trips the circuit. Have the installer check the bonds and test this protection on inverter power and on the external supply.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"voltage-ranges-and-charging\">\n<h2>11. LiFePO4 Charging Voltage and BMS Settings<\/h2>\n<p>Nominal voltage is a label, not a fixed reading. A common LiFePO4 cell is rated at 3.2V. Four in series give 12.8V; eight give 25.6V; sixteen give 51.2V. Other cell types and counts have different voltage ranges.<\/p>\n<p>Use the battery manufacturer\u2019s charge profile, low-temperature charging limits and discharge settings. Do not treat a generic voltage chart as a precise state-of-charge meter, or a BMS emergency cutoff as a normal operating target. Where specified, configure the inverter to stop discharging before the BMS disconnects the pack.<\/p>\n<p>Check every charger: solar, mains and vehicle. Each must use the right charge profile. If the BMS sends limits to the inverter, check their settings and software versions too.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"bill-of-materials-comparison\">\n<h2>12. Compare Complete System Costs<\/h2>\n<figure class=\"post-figure\" id=\"fig-3000w-equipment-suite\">\n      <img src=\"\/images\/off-grid-solar-equipment-inverter-battery-setup.webp\"\n           data-filename=\"off-grid-solar-equipment-inverter-battery-setup.webp\"\n           alt=\"Solar power equipment including battery storage and power electronics\"\n           aria-describedby=\"desc-fig-3000w-equipment-suite\"\n           width=\"720\" height=\"540\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" \/><figcaption id=\"desc-fig-3000w-equipment-suite\">Solar power equipment including battery storage and power electronics. Illustrative photograph; equipment ratings must be checked separately. Photo by Cody Kabus, U.S. Department of Energy (Public domain).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Ask for quotes that serve the same loads and store the same usable energy. Match the surge and solar input needs too. A 3kW inverter and a 5kW all-in-one unit do different jobs. Their price gap does not show the cost of battery voltage alone.<\/p>\n<div class=\"table-wrapper\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Items to include in a like-for-like equipment quote\" tabindex=\"0\">\n<table class=\"voltage-table\">\n<caption>Items to include in a like-for-like equipment quote<\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">Item<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">What to compare<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">Inverter or inverter\/charger<\/th>\n<td>Continuous watts, surge duration, AC output, idle consumption and certification<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">Battery storage<\/th>\n<td>Usable kWh, continuous and peak discharge limits, warranty and supported expansion<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">Solar charge controllers<\/th>\n<td>PV input limits, battery voltage support and controller count<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">DC distribution<\/th>\n<td>Cables, lugs, busbars, enclosures, fuses and disconnects<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">Additional hardware<\/th>\n<td>DC-DC converters, communications, monitoring and mounting<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">Installed cost<\/th>\n<td>Panels, racking, AC work, permits, delivery, taxes and labor<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>Higher battery voltage can reduce cable requirements and may suit an integrated inverter\/charger. A small native-12V installation can still cost less overall. Obtain current local quotes; this guide does not treat unsourced retail estimates as verified market prices.<\/p>\n<h3>Battery price snapshot at equal nominal energy<\/h3>\n<p>The following manufacturer-page prices were checked on <strong>October 4, 2026<\/strong>, in US dollars. Each row provides 5.12kWh nominal energy. Unit prices are multiplied without bundle discounts, shipping or tax. These products have different features, so the table compares purchase cost per kWh, not equal performance or a brand recommendation.<\/p>\n<div class=\"table-wrapper\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"5.12kWh battery-only price comparison\" tabindex=\"0\">\n<table class=\"voltage-table\">\n<caption>5.12kWh battery-only price comparison<\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">Battery product<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Quantity and layout<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Unit price<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Bank subtotal<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">Cost per nominal kWh<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.litime.com\/products\/litime-12v-100ah-lithium-lifepo4-battery\" rel=\"noopener\">LiTime 12V 100Ah Classic<\/a><\/th>\n<td>4 \u00d7 12.8V 100Ah, parallel for 12V<\/td>\n<td>$302.39<\/td>\n<td>$1,209.56<\/td>\n<td>$236.24<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.litime.com\/products\/24v-100ah-group-31-lifepo4-rv-battery\" rel=\"noopener\">LiTime 24V 100Ah Group 31 Xtra-Mini Smart<\/a><\/th>\n<td>2 \u00d7 25.6V 100Ah, approved parallel for 24V<\/td>\n<td>$620.99<\/td>\n<td>$1,241.98<\/td>\n<td>$242.57<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.litime.com\/products\/48v-100ah-lithium-home-storage-battery\" rel=\"noopener\">LiTime 48V 100Ah ComFlex rack battery<\/a><\/th>\n<td>1 \u00d7 51.2V 100Ah<\/td>\n<td>$1,099.99<\/td>\n<td>$1,099.99<\/td>\n<td>$214.84<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>The 48V listing showed <strong>out of stock<\/strong> when checked. Its listed price is not a promise of availability. Recheck prices and parallel permissions before ordering. The 24V model adds Bluetooth and low-temperature protection; the rack model has different communications and mounting. Check required system certifications too\u2014marketing claims or shipping tests are not proof that a complete installation is approved.<\/p>\n<h3>A transparent full-system budget exercise<\/h3>\n<p>For a 2,400W AC design target, start with those battery subtotals. Then enter current quotes for compatible inverter, MPPT, cables and protection. The numbers below are <strong>illustrative allowances, not verified product quotes<\/strong>. They show the addition and the cost sensitivity without pretending to specify a complete build.<\/p>\n<div class=\"table-wrapper\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Budget exercise: equal 5.12kWh nominal storage and 2,400W AC target\" tabindex=\"0\">\n<table class=\"voltage-table\">\n<caption>Budget exercise: equal 5.12kWh nominal storage and 2,400W AC target<\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">Cost line<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">12V<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">24V<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">48V<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">Battery subtotal from linked pages<\/th>\n<td>$1,209.56<\/td>\n<td>$1,241.98<\/td>\n<td>$1,099.99<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">Inverter allowance<\/th>\n<td>$700<\/td>\n<td>$700<\/td>\n<td>$700<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">MPPT allowance<\/th>\n<td>$600<\/td>\n<td>$400<\/td>\n<td>$300<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">DC cable, protection and distribution allowance<\/th>\n<td>$500<\/td>\n<td>$350<\/td>\n<td>$300<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"row\">Illustrative subtotal<\/th>\n<td>$3,009.56<\/td>\n<td>$2,691.98<\/td>\n<td>$2,399.99<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<p>Panels, mounting, AC distribution, converters, tax, freight, permits and labor are excluded. The allowances also need validation against each selected product\u2019s ratings. Do not use this subtotal as an installed-price quote.<\/p>\n<p>Under these assumptions, the 48V subtotal is $609.57 below 12V and $291.99 below 24V. If its inverter costs $400 more, that advantage over 24V disappears. This is why a complete quote matters more than saying \u201c48V is always cheaper.\u201d<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"interactive-calculator\">\n<h2>Battery Current Calculator: Compare All Three Voltages<\/h2>\n<div class=\"calc-widget\">\n<p>Enter an AC load and assumed inverter efficiency. The comparison uses nominal 12V, 24V and 48V; actual battery current changes with terminal voltage. It does not size wires, fuses or a battery bank.<\/p>\n<div class=\"calc-grid\">\n<div class=\"calc-field\"><label for=\"p22-power\">AC load (watts)<\/label><input id=\"p22-power\" type=\"number\" min=\"1\" max=\"30000\" step=\"any\" value=\"2400\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"calc-field\"><label for=\"p22-efficiency\">Inverter efficiency (%)<\/label><input id=\"p22-efficiency\" type=\"number\" min=\"1\" max=\"100\" step=\"any\" value=\"92\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p id=\"p22-result\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\">At 2,400W and 92% efficiency: 12V = 217.4A; 24V = 108.7A; 48V = 54.3A.<\/p>\n<p><noscript><\/p>\n<p>JavaScript is disabled. Use current = watts \u00f7 (volts \u00d7 efficiency \u00f7 100), or refer to the comparison table above.<\/p>\n<p><\/noscript><\/div>\n<script>(function(){var p=document.getElementById('p22-power'),e=document.getElementById('p22-efficiency'),r=document.getElementById('p22-result');if(!p||!e||!r)return;function update(){var w=Number(p.value),eff=Number(e.value);if(!Number.isFinite(w)||!Number.isFinite(eff)||w<1||w>30000||eff<1||eff>100){r.textContent='Enter a load from 1 to 30,000W and efficiency above 0% up to 100%.';return;}r.textContent='At '+w+'W and '+eff+'% efficiency: '+[12,24,48].map(function(v){return v+'V = '+(w\/(v*eff\/100)).toFixed(1)+'A';}).join('; ')+'.';}p.addEventListener('input',update);e.addEventListener('input',update);update();})();<\/script>\n<div class=\"calc-widget p22-advanced\">\n<h3>Advanced comparison: cable loss, surge and runtime<\/h3>\n<p>Use the same load and cable in all three columns to see what voltage changes. Enter cable resistance at its expected operating temperature from its datasheet. The model treats the inverter as a constant-power load and includes the extra current caused by cable drop.<\/p>\n<div class=\"calc-grid\">\n<div class=\"calc-field\"><label for=\"p22a-load\">Running AC load (W)<\/label><input id=\"p22a-load\" type=\"number\" min=\"1\" max=\"30000\" step=\"any\" value=\"2400\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"calc-field\"><label for=\"p22a-surge\">Total starting AC load (W)<\/label><input id=\"p22a-surge\" type=\"number\" min=\"1\" max=\"60000\" step=\"any\" value=\"4800\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"calc-field\"><label for=\"p22a-eff\">Inverter efficiency (%)<\/label><input id=\"p22a-eff\" type=\"number\" min=\"1\" max=\"100\" step=\"any\" value=\"92\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"calc-field\"><label for=\"p22a-length\">One-way cable length (feet)<\/label><input id=\"p22a-length\" type=\"number\" min=\"0\" max=\"100\" step=\"any\" value=\"10\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"calc-field\"><label for=\"p22a-resistance\">Cable resistance (milliohms\/metre)<\/label><input id=\"p22a-resistance\" type=\"number\" min=\"0\" max=\"20\" step=\"any\" value=\"0.32\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"calc-field\"><label for=\"p22a-voltage\">Source voltage as % of 12 \/ 24 \/ 48V<\/label><input id=\"p22a-voltage\" type=\"number\" min=\"75\" max=\"125\" step=\"any\" value=\"100\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"calc-field\"><label for=\"p22a-energy\">Nominal bank energy in each case (kWh)<\/label><input id=\"p22a-energy\" type=\"number\" min=\"0.1\" max=\"500\" step=\"any\" value=\"5.12\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"calc-field\"><label for=\"p22a-usable\">Usable share of nominal energy (%)<\/label><input id=\"p22a-usable\" type=\"number\" min=\"1\" max=\"100\" step=\"any\" value=\"80\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>For the 22V example, enter 91.67% to compare about 11V, 22V and 44V. Cable resistance includes both conductors through the length calculation, but excludes battery internal resistance and connection losses. All three cases use equal stored energy, not equal amp-hours.<\/p>\n<p id=\"p22a-status\" role=\"status\" aria-live=\"polite\">Results appear below when JavaScript is enabled.<\/p>\n<div class=\"table-wrapper\" role=\"region\" aria-label=\"Advanced voltage comparison results\" tabindex=\"0\">\n<table class=\"voltage-table\">\n<caption>Calculated comparison under the entered assumptions<\/caption>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th scope=\"col\">Quantity<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">12V class<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">24V class<\/th>\n<th scope=\"col\">48V class<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody id=\"p22a-results\"><\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<details>\n<summary>Show the calculation method and limits<\/summary>\n<p>Loop resistance in ohms = 2 \u00d7 one-way feet \u00d7 0.3048 \u00d7 milliohms per metre \u00f7 1,000. DC load power = AC watts \u00f7 efficiency. The model solves P = I \u00d7 (V \u2212 I \u00d7 R) for the lower-current branch. It uses I = 2P \u00f7 [V + \u221a(V\u00b2 \u2212 4RP)], which also works when resistance is zero.<\/p>\n<p>Inverter terminal voltage = V \u2212 IR. Cable heat = I\u00b2R. Runtime = nominal kWh \u00d7 usable share \u00d7 1,000 \u00f7 (V \u00d7 running current). The surge uses the same efficiency assumption and is not included in the steady runtime calculation. A negative or zero discriminant is reported as no stable operating result under this model.<\/p>\n<p>The 125% row is an illustrative current calculation, not a fuse rating. The calculator does not approve ampacity, select a fuse or predict motor startup. It omits BMS timing, battery sag, standby power and temperature changes. Compare terminal voltage and surge duration against the actual inverter and battery limits.<\/p>\n<\/details>\n<p><noscript><\/p>\n<p>Use the worked wire and motor examples above. The basic comparison table remains available without JavaScript.<\/p>\n<p><\/noscript>\n<\/div>\n<script>\n(function(){\n  var ids=['load','surge','eff','length','resistance','voltage','energy','usable'];\n  var fields=ids.map(function(id){return document.getElementById('p22a-'+id);});\n  var result=document.getElementById('p22a-results'),status=document.getElementById('p22a-status');\n  if(!result||!status||fields.some(function(x){return !x;}))return;\n  function solve(power,volts,resistance){\n    var discriminant=volts*volts-4*resistance*power;\n    if(discriminant<=0)return null;\n    var amps=2*power\/(volts+Math.sqrt(discriminant));\n    return {amps:amps,terminal:volts-amps*resistance,drop:100*amps*resistance\/volts,loss:amps*amps*resistance};\n  }\n  function update(){\n    var a=fields.map(function(x){return Number(x.value);});\n    var limits=[[1,30000],[1,60000],[1,100],[0,100],[0,20],[75,125],[0.1,500],[1,100]];\n    var invalid=fields.some(function(x,i){return x.value.trim()===''||!Number.isFinite(a[i])||a[i]<limits[i][0]||a[i]>limits[i][1];});\n    if(invalid||a[1]<a[0]){result.innerHTML='';status.textContent='Check the input ranges. Starting load must be at least the running load; blank values are not accepted.';return;}\n    var r=2*a[3]*0.3048*a[4]\/1000,eff=a[2]\/100;\n    var cases=[12,24,48].map(function(v){v=v*a[5]\/100;return {v:v,run:solve(a[0]\/eff,v,r),surge:solve(a[1]\/eff,v,r)};});\n    function format(value,unit){return value.toFixed(2)+unit;}\n    var rows=[\n      ['Source voltage',function(c){return format(c.v,' V');}],\n      ['Running battery current',function(c){return c.run?format(c.run.amps,' A'):'No stable result';}],\n      ['Illustrative current \u00d7 1.25',function(c){return c.run?format(c.run.amps*1.25,' A'):'Not available';}],\n      ['Running inverter-terminal voltage',function(c){return c.run?format(c.run.terminal,' V'):'Not available';}],\n      ['Running cable voltage drop',function(c){return c.run?format(c.run.drop,'%'):'Not available';}],\n      ['Running cable heat loss',function(c){return c.run?format(c.run.loss,' W'):'Not available';}],\n      ['Starting battery current',function(c){return c.surge?format(c.surge.amps,' A'):'No stable result';}],\n      ['Starting inverter-terminal voltage',function(c){return c.surge?format(c.surge.terminal,' V'):'Not available';}],\n      ['Estimated continuous runtime',function(c){return c.run?format(a[6]*1000*a[7]\/100\/(c.v*c.run.amps),' hours'):'Not available';}]\n    ];\n        result.textContent = \"\";\n    rows.forEach(function(row) {\n      var tableRow = document.createElement(\"tr\");\n      var rowHeading = document.createElement(\"th\");\n      rowHeading.scope = \"row\";\n      rowHeading.textContent = row[0];\n      tableRow.appendChild(rowHeading);\n      cases.forEach(function(scenario) {\n        var cell = document.createElement(\"td\");\n        cell.textContent = row[1](scenario);\n        tableRow.appendChild(cell);\n      });\n      result.appendChild(tableRow);\n    });\n    var warnings=[];\n    cases.forEach(function(c,i){var name=[12,24,48][i]+'V';if(!c.run||!c.surge)warnings.push(name+': no stable result for the entered running or starting demand.');else if(c.run.drop>3||c.surge.drop>3)warnings.push(name+': cable drop exceeds the illustrative 3% screen during running or starting.');});\n    status.textContent=warnings.length?warnings.join(' ')+' This screen is not a universal code limit.':'Calculated. Check terminal voltages, ampacity and surge duration against equipment limits; a low drop does not prove the design is safe.';\n  }\n  fields.forEach(function(x){x.addEventListener('input',update);});update();\n})();\n<\/script><br \/>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"selection-framework\">\n<h2>13. How to Choose Your Off-Grid Battery Voltage<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>List simultaneous loads.<\/strong> Separate running watts, starting demand and native DC appliances.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Calculate daily energy.<\/strong> Multiply each appliance\u2019s watts by hours of use, then size battery autonomy and solar production separately.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Compare compatible inverters.<\/strong> Check DC operating range, continuous output, surge duration and standby losses.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Check the battery and BMS.<\/strong> Confirm discharge current, charging limits and approved series\/parallel configurations.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Plan the layout.<\/strong> Keep battery-to-inverter cables short where practical and assess both ampacity and voltage drop.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Price the complete system.<\/strong> Include converters for DC appliances and the likely cost of future expansion.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Start with our <a href=\"https:\/\/offgridsolarcalc.com\/\">off-grid solar sizing calculator<\/a> to estimate energy and array requirements. Use the results alongside equipment manuals when selecting a battery voltage.<\/p>\n<h3>A final compatibility checklist for 12V vs 24V vs 48V solar<\/h3>\n<p>Before buying, write down the battery\u2019s full charge voltage, normal discharge range, usable kWh and current limits. Beside them, write the inverter\u2019s DC range, rated input current, output watts and surge duration. Check the MPPT input limits against the actual string design. A mismatch in any one of these can stop a system from working even if its energy estimate looks correct.<\/p>\n<p>For a modest DC-only setup, also price the option of leaving the inverter off most of the day. An assumed 20W idle draw over 24 hours consumes 480Wh. That is nearly one quarter of a 2kWh daily budget. Use the chosen inverter\u2019s measured or specified idle demand for your own estimate.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"real-world-case-studies\">\n<h2>14. Three Illustrative Design Scenarios<\/h2>\n<figure class=\"post-figure\" id=\"fig-power-wall-system\">\n      <img src=\"\/images\/residential-solar-battery-switchboard-system.webp\"\n           data-filename=\"residential-solar-battery-switchboard-system.webp\"\n           alt=\"Residential battery and power distribution equipment\"\n           aria-describedby=\"desc-fig-power-wall-system\"\n           width=\"560\" height=\"746\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" \/><figcaption id=\"desc-fig-power-wall-system\">Residential battery and power distribution equipment. Illustrative photograph; equipment ratings must be checked separately. Photo by DezzignProtect on Wikimedia Commons (<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/4.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC BY-SA 4.0<\/a>).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h3>Camper with mostly 12V appliances<\/h3>\n<p>A camper running DC lights, a fridge and occasional laptop charging may benefit from a 12V bank and a modest inverter. Check the fridge\u2019s daily energy use and alternator charging compatibility. An induction cooker or electric heater can change the power requirement substantially.<\/p>\n<h3>Workshop with a saw or compressor<\/h3>\n<p>A workshop might compare 24V and 48V even when its running load is below 3kW. Motor starting demand, battery discharge limits and cable routing may matter more than daily energy consumption. Confirm the starting load before selecting the inverter.<\/p>\n<h3>Cabin with larger storage and household loads<\/h3>\n<p>A cabin needing several kilowatts at once may favor 48V equipment and compatible storage modules. Check winter solar production, overnight energy use and backup charging. A 48V label does not establish that the system can power every appliance simultaneously.<\/p>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"faq\">\n<h2>15. Frequently Asked Questions<\/h2>\n<figure class=\"post-figure\" id=\"fig-faq-dc-stepdown-module\">\n        <img src=\"\/images\/dc-to-dc-step-down-voltage-converter-module.webp\"\n             data-filename=\"dc-to-dc-step-down-voltage-converter-module.webp\"\n             alt=\"DC-DC converter module\"\n             aria-describedby=\"desc-fig-faq-dc-stepdown-module\"\n             width=\"720\" height=\"720\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" \/><figcaption id=\"desc-fig-faq-dc-stepdown-module\">DC-DC converter module. Illustrative photograph; equipment ratings must be checked separately. Photo by Retired electrician on Wikimedia Commons (<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">CC0 1.0 Universal \/ Public Domain<\/a>).<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"faq-card\">\n<h3 class=\"faq-question\">Is 48V solar more efficient than 12V?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"faq-answer\">\n<p>For the same power, higher battery voltage reduces current and can reduce cable losses. Total efficiency also depends on wire size, inverter loading, standby consumption and DC-DC conversion. Compare the complete system rather than voltage alone.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-card\">\n<h3 class=\"faq-question\">Can I run 12V appliances from a 24V or 48V battery?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"faq-answer\">\n<p>Yes, with a suitable DC-DC step-down converter sized for the combined continuous and startup loads. Do not tap one battery in a series bank to supply 12V loads, because that creates imbalance.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-card\">\n<h3 class=\"faq-question\">Does a 48V 100Ah battery store more energy than a 12V 100Ah battery?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"faq-answer\">\n<p>Yes. For common LiFePO4 packs, 51.2V \u00d7 100Ah = 5.12kWh, while 12.8V \u00d7 100Ah = 1.28kWh. Compare nominal and usable watt-hours, not amp-hours alone.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-card\">\n<h3 class=\"faq-question\">Can I upgrade from 12V to 24V or 48V later?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"faq-answer\">\n<p>Possibly, but the inverter usually needs to match the new battery voltage. Check battery series permissions, charge controller support, DC appliances and protective devices. Solar panels may be reusable after checking string voltage and current limits; rewiring is not automatically free or compatible.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-card\">\n<h3 class=\"faq-question\">Can a 12V alternator charge a higher-voltage house battery?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"faq-answer\">\n<p>A suitable step-up DC-DC charger can do this. It must support the vehicle and battery chemistry, and its input current must fit the alternator and wiring capacity.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"faq-card\">\n<h3 class=\"faq-question\">Which system voltage is best for a small off-grid cabin?<\/h3>\n<div class=\"faq-answer\">\n<p>Choose from simultaneous power, motor startup demand, cable distance and compatible equipment. A small DC-focused cabin may suit 12V; compare 24V or 48V as inverter demand grows. Daily kWh alone does not decide the voltage.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<section id=\"conclusion\">\n<h2>16. Choose Voltage Around Your Loads and Equipment<\/h2>\n<p>The useful distinction in <strong>12V vs 24V vs 48V solar<\/strong> is how each voltage fits your loads and equipment. Start with 12V for a modest system built around compatible DC appliances, compare 24V for medium inverter demand, and consider 48V for larger loads or expansion.<\/p>\n<p>Before ordering, check the battery\u2019s capacity and current limits. Check the inverter\u2019s surge rating and the MPPT input limits. Then review the cable layout. No one voltage is best for every build.<\/p>\n<p>Continue with our <a href=\"https:\/\/offgridsolarcalc.com\/blog\/how-to-size-solar-inverter\/\">inverter sizing guide<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/offgridsolarcalc.com\/blog\/solar-charge-controller-sizing-guide\/\">charge controller sizing guide<\/a>.<\/p>\n<div class=\"callout-box\"><strong>How this guide was prepared<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The calculations are worked planning examples, not results from a physical installation test. Linked manufacturer pages support the product-specific figures. Manufacturer-page prices were checked on October 4, 2026; technical specifications can vary by model, so verify current manuals and installation requirements before purchase. Final equipment selection must use the current manuals and the code adopted at the installation site.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/article>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Compare 12V vs 24V vs 48V solar systems by inverter load, battery capacity, cable losses and MPPT limits. Choose a voltage with clear worked examples.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":488,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2,4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-489","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-solar-system-sizing","category-battery-storage"],"featured_image_url":"https:\/\/offgridsolarcalc.com\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/12v-vs-24v-vs-48v-solar-featured.webp","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/offgridsolarcalc.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/489","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/offgridsolarcalc.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/offgridsolarcalc.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/offgridsolarcalc.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/offgridsolarcalc.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=489"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/offgridsolarcalc.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/489\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":519,"href":"https:\/\/offgridsolarcalc.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/489\/revisions\/519"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/offgridsolarcalc.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/488"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/offgridsolarcalc.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=489"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/offgridsolarcalc.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=489"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/offgridsolarcalc.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=489"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}